Units#
Magnopy supports a number of units for some of the data it deals with. Both for the input and the output. On this page we describe what units are supported and in which context.
Units of energy#
Magnopy outputs a number of properties that have units of energy. By default magnopy outputs energy in the units of "meV", but the user can ask for other supported units.
Hint
To check what units are hardcoded in magnopy's source code one can use the trick:
>>> from magnopy._constants._units import _ENERGY_UNITS
>>> print(list(_ENERGY_UNITS))
['ev', 'mev', 'joule', 'j', 'ry', 'rydberg', 'erg']
Units |
Keywords |
|---|---|
Electronvolt (eV) |
|
Millielectronvolt (meV) |
|
Joule |
|
Rydberg units of energy |
|
Erg |
|
Conversion factors
>>> import magnopy
>>> eV = magnopy.si.ELECTRON_VOLT
>>> meV = magnopy.si.MILLI * magnopy.si.ELECTRON_VOLT
>>> Joule = magnopy.si.JOULE
>>> Rydberg = magnopy.si.RYDBERG_ENERGY
>>> Erg = magnopy.si.ERG
>>> print(f"{eV / meV:.1e} meV in 1 eV")
1.0e+03 meV in 1 eV
>>> print(f"{meV / eV:.1e} eV in 1 meV")
1.0e-03 eV in 1 meV
>>> print(f"{eV / Joule:.8e} Joule in 1 eV")
1.60217663e-19 Joule in 1 eV
>>> print(f"{Joule / eV:.8e} eV in 1 Joule")
6.24150907e+18 eV in 1 Joule
>>> print(f"{eV / Rydberg:.8e} Rydberg in 1 eV")
7.34986444e-02 Rydberg in 1 eV
>>> print(f"{Rydberg / eV:.7f} eV in 1 Rydberg")
13.6056931 eV in 1 Rydberg
>>> print(f"{eV / Erg:.8e} Erg in eV")
1.60217663e-12 Erg in eV
>>> print(f"{Erg / eV:.8e} eV in 1 Erg")
6.24150907e+11 eV in 1 Erg
>>> print(f"{meV / Joule:.8e} Joule in 1 meV")
1.60217663e-22 Joule in 1 meV
>>> print(f"{Joule / meV:.8e} meV in 1 Joule")
6.24150907e+21 meV in 1 Joule
>>> print(f"{meV / Rydberg:.8e} Rydberg in 1 meV")
7.34986444e-05 Rydberg in 1 meV
>>> print(f"{Rydberg / meV:.4f} meV in 1 Rydberg")
13605.6931 meV in 1 Rydberg
>>> print(f"{meV / Erg:.8e} Erg in meV")
1.60217663e-15 Erg in meV
>>> print(f"{Erg / meV:.8e} meV in 1 Erg")
6.24150907e+14 meV in 1 Erg
>>> print(f"{Joule / Rydberg:.8e} Rydberg in 1 Joule")
4.58742456e+17 Rydberg in 1 Joule
>>> print(f"{Rydberg / Joule:.8e} Joule in 1 Rydberg")
2.17987236e-18 Joule in 1 Rydberg
>>> print(f"{Joule / Erg:.1e} Erg in Joule")
1.0e+07 Erg in Joule
>>> print(f"{Erg / Joule:.1e} Joule in 1 Erg")
1.0e-07 Joule in 1 Erg
>>> print(f"{Rydberg / Erg:.8e} Erg in Rydberg")
2.17987236e-11 Erg in Rydberg
>>> print(f"{Erg / Rydberg:.8e} Rydberg in 1 Erg")
4.58742456e+10 Rydberg in 1 Erg
Units of Hamiltonian's parameters#
Parameters of the Spin Hamiltonian are typically stored in some units of energy (i.e meV or Joule) or some units that offer direct conversion to some energy scale (like Kelvin, via Boltzmann constant). Magnopy takes the same approach and support a number of energy-like units.
Note
Temperature scale and energy scale are connected via Boltzmann constant \(E = k_B\cdot T\).
Hint
To check what units are hardcoded in magnopy's source code one can use the trick:
>>> from magnopy._constants._units import _PARAMETER_UNITS
>>> print(list(_PARAMETER_UNITS))
['ev', 'mev', 'joule', 'j', 'ry', 'rydberg', 'erg', 'k', 'kelvin']
For the parameters fo the spin Hamiltonian magnopy supports all Units of energy from above and
Units |
Keywords |
|---|---|
Kelvin |
|
Conversion factors
>>> Kelvin = _PARAMETER_UNITS["kelvin"]
>>> print(f"{Kelvin / eV:.8e} eV for 1 Kelvin")
8.61733326e-05 eV for 1 Kelvin
>>> print(f"{eV / Kelvin:.4f} Kelvin for 1 eV")
11604.5181 Kelvin for 1 eV
>>> print(f"{Kelvin / meV:.10f} meV for 1 Kelvin")
0.0861733326 meV for 1 Kelvin
>>> print(f"{meV / Kelvin:.7f} Kelvin for 1 meV")
11.6045181 Kelvin for 1 meV
>>> print(f"{Kelvin / Joule:.8e} Joule for 1 Kelvin")
1.38064900e-23 Joule for 1 Kelvin
>>> print(f"{Joule / Kelvin:.8e} Kelvin for 1 Joule")
7.24297052e+22 Kelvin for 1 Joule
>>> print(f"{Kelvin / Rydberg:.8e} Rydberg for 1 Kelvin")
6.33362313e-06 Rydberg for 1 Kelvin
>>> print(f"{Rydberg / Kelvin:.3f} Kelvin for 1 Rydberg")
157887.512 Kelvin for 1 Rydberg
>>> print(f"{Kelvin / Erg:.8e} Erg for 1 Kelvin")
1.38064900e-16 Erg for 1 Kelvin
>>> print(f"{Erg / Kelvin:.8e} Kelvin for 1 Erg")
7.24297052e+15 Kelvin for 1 Erg
Units of magnon energies#
Magnon is associated with the oscillatory behavior in the classical picture. Thus, the list of supported units is extended by the frequency units.
Note
Frequencies scale and energy scale are connected via Planck constant \(E = h\cdot f\).
Hint
To check what units are hardcoded in magnopy's source code one can use the trick:
>>> from magnopy._constants._units import _FREQ_UNITS
>>> print(list(_FREQ_UNITS))
['ev', 'mev', 'joule', 'j', 'ry', 'rydberg', 'erg', 'hertz', 'hz', 'gigahertz', 'ghz', 'terahertz', 'thz']
For the magnon energies magnopy supports all Units of energy and some extra units
Units |
Keywords |
|---|---|
Hertz |
|
GigaHertz |
|
TeraHertz |
|
Conversion factors
>>> Hz = _FREQ_UNITS["hz"]
>>> GHz = _FREQ_UNITS["ghz"]
>>> THz = _FREQ_UNITS["thz"]
>>> print(f"{GHz / Hz:.1e} Hz in 1 GHz")
1.0e+09 Hz in 1 GHz
>>> print(f"{Hz / GHz:.1e} GHz in 1 Hz")
1.0e-09 GHz in 1 Hz
>>> print(f"{THz / Hz:.1e} Hz in 1 THz")
1.0e+12 Hz in 1 THz
>>> print(f"{Hz / THz:.1e} THz in 1 Hz")
1.0e-12 THz in 1 Hz
>>> print(f"{THz / GHz:.1e} GHz in 1 THz")
1.0e+03 GHz in 1 THz
>>> print(f"{GHz / THz:.1e} THz in 1 GHz")
1.0e-03 THz in 1 GHz
>>> print(f"{Hz / eV:.8e} eV for 1 Hz")
4.13566770e-15 eV for 1 Hz
>>> print(f"{eV / Hz:.8e} Hz for 1 eV")
2.41798924e+14 Hz for 1 eV
>>> print(f"{Hz / meV:.8e} meV for 1 Hz")
4.13566770e-12 meV for 1 Hz
>>> print(f"{meV / Hz:.8e} Hz for 1 meV")
2.41798924e+11 Hz for 1 meV
>>> print(f"{Hz / Joule:.8e} Joule for 1 Hz")
6.62607015e-34 Joule for 1 Hz
>>> print(f"{Joule / Hz:.8e} Hz for 1 Joule")
1.50919018e+33 Hz for 1 Joule
>>> print(f"{Hz / Rydberg:.8e} Rydberg for 1 Hz")
3.03965969e-16 Rydberg for 1 Hz
>>> print(f"{Rydberg / Hz:.8e} Hz for 1 Rydberg")
3.28984196e+15 Hz for 1 Rydberg
>>> print(f"{Hz / Erg:.8e} Erg for 1 Hz")
6.62607015e-27 Erg for 1 Hz
>>> print(f"{Erg / Hz:.8e} Hz for 1 Erg")
1.50919018e+26 Hz for 1 Erg
>>> print(f"{GHz / eV:.8e} eV for 1 GHz")
4.13566770e-06 eV for 1 GHz
>>> print(f"{eV / GHz:.8e} GHz for 1 eV")
2.41798924e+05 GHz for 1 eV
>>> print(f"{GHz / meV:.8e} meV for 1 GHz")
4.13566770e-03 meV for 1 GHz
>>> print(f"{meV / GHz:.6f} GHz for 1 meV")
241.798924 GHz for 1 meV
>>> print(f"{GHz / Joule:.8e} Joule for 1 GHz")
6.62607015e-25 Joule for 1 GHz
>>> print(f"{Joule / GHz:.8e} GHz for 1 Joule")
1.50919018e+24 GHz for 1 Joule
>>> print(f"{GHz / Rydberg:.8e} Rydberg for 1 GHz")
3.03965969e-07 Rydberg for 1 GHz
>>> print(f"{Rydberg / GHz:.8e} GHz for 1 Rydberg")
3.28984196e+06 GHz for 1 Rydberg
>>> print(f"{GHz / Erg:.8e} Erg for 1 GHz")
6.62607015e-18 Erg for 1 GHz
>>> print(f"{Erg / GHz:.8e} GHz for 1 Erg")
1.50919018e+17 GHz for 1 Erg
>>> print(f"{THz / eV:.8e} eV for 1 THz")
4.13566770e-03 eV for 1 THz
>>> print(f"{eV / THz:.6f} THz for 1 eV")
241.798924 THz for 1 eV
>>> print(f"{THz / meV:.8f} meV for 1 THz")
4.13566770 meV for 1 THz
>>> print(f"{meV / THz:.9f} THz for 1 meV")
0.241798924 THz for 1 meV
>>> print(f"{THz / Joule:.8e} Joule for 1 THz")
6.62607015e-22 Joule for 1 THz
>>> print(f"{Joule / THz:.8e} THz for 1 Joule")
1.50919018e+21 THz for 1 Joule
>>> print(f"{THz / Rydberg:.8e} Rydberg for 1 THz")
3.03965969e-04 Rydberg for 1 THz
>>> print(f"{Rydberg / THz:.5f} THz for 1 Rydberg")
3289.84196 THz for 1 Rydberg
>>> print(f"{THz / Erg:.8e} Erg for 1 THz")
6.62607015e-15 Erg for 1 THz
>>> print(f"{Erg / THz:.8e} THz for 1 Erg")
1.50919018e+14 THz for 1 Erg